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Recent Examples on the Web Filled with insights about their performances, off-field adventures and the league’s daily chatter, the podcasts are a direct portal to fans and a way for players to build their brands. — Emmanuel Morgan, New York Times, 20 Nov. 2023 Newsletter Sign-up WSJ | CFO Journal The Morning Ledger provides daily news and insights on corporate finance from the CFO Journal team. — Jennifer Williams-Alvarez, WSJ, 19 Nov. 2023 Joining me for insight and analysis are: NBC News Capitol Hill Correspondent Ryan Nobles, New York Times Pentagon Correspondent Helene Cooper, former Republican Congressman Carlos Curbelo and former Democratic Congresswoman Stephanie Murphy. — Nbc Universal, NBC News, 19 Nov. 2023 To answer questions about this type of natural phenomenon, Fox News Digital reached out to two science experts for insights and information. — Erica Lamberg, Fox News, 18 Nov. 2023 Three years later, Curtis gave further insight into what Guest is like behind the scenes. — Jessica Booth, Peoplemag, 17 Nov. 2023 Radio on Apple Music 1, Parton offered some rare insight into their relationship, even going as far as to recall the event that led him to ditch red carpets for good. — Meghan Overdeep, Southern Living, 17 Nov. 2023 Whitson’s unique perspective offers insights into the awe-inspiring views of Earth from space and the collective responsibility to protect our planet. — David L. Coddon, San Diego Union-Tribune, 16 Nov. 2023 What lessons and insights from your first season with Mercedes last year helped you this season? — Viju Mathew, Robb Report, 16 Nov. 2023 See More a b c Subramaniam, Karuna; Kounios, John; Parrish, Todd B.; etal. (1 March 2009). "A Brain Mechanism for Facilitation of Insight by Positive Affect". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 21 (3): 415–432. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21057. PMID 18578603. S2CID 7133900.
Studies based on event-related potentials have so far been able to identify two distinct cognitive processes involved in achieving an insightful event: the breaking down of the impasse (allowing incubation/restructuring) and the formation of new associations prior to the solution ( Luo and Niki, 2003; Luo et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2013; Shen et al., 2018; it is also described as the enlightenment stage by Wallas, 1926).
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According to the three-process theory, intelligence plays a large role in insight. [29] Specifically, insight involves three processes that require intelligence to apply them to problems: [29] selective encoding focusing attention on ideas relevant to a solution, while ignoring features that are irrelevant selective combination combining the information previously deemed relevant selective comparison the use of past experience with problems and solutions that are applicable to the current problem and solution Four-stage model [ edit ] Shen, W.; Yuan, Y.; Liu, C.; etal. (2015). "In search of the 'Aha!' experience: Elucidating the emotionality of insight problem-solving". British Journal of Psychology. 107 (2): 281–298. doi: 10.1111/bjop.12142. PMID 26184903. Model reduction occurs neither only during sleep, nor only in humans. Rats that move away from exploratory or spatial foraging behavior, and enter short periods of rest, have been found to have hippocampal activity similar to what we would expect in models undergoing insight-compatible changes ( Gupta et al., 2010; Pezzulo et al., 2014; Friston et al., 2017). Internally generated sequences (sequences of multi-neuron firing activity that do not reflect an ongoing behavioral sequence) seem to be able to restructure models, not only consolidating memory but also exploring potential solutions ( Pezzulo et al., 2014). The Eureka Experience Sagacity– Ability to think and act using knowledge, experience, understanding, common sense and insight a b c d Lin, Wei-Lun; Hsu, Kung-Yu; Chen, Hsueh-Chih; etal. (2011). "The relations of gender and personality traits on different creativities: A dual-process theory account". Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. 6 (2): 112–123. doi: 10.1037/a0026241. S2CID 55632785.
Wallas, inspired by the ideas of Hermann von Helmholtz and Henri Poincare, proposed four stages of progression for a creative process ( Wallas, 1926). Helmholtz, during a banquet held for his 70th birthday in 1891, revealed how he had reached his best ideas; always after first researching a problem in detail, letting it rest, and seeking a pleasant distraction. This way he was often surprised by a solution in the form of a pleasant experience. Wallas named these stages preparation (investigative stage), incubation (temporally discarding the problem from conscious thought), and illumination (the sudden arrival of a new “happy idea”), to which he added a fourth, the verification of the solution. These four stages have been recurrently used as a framework for studying insight in the psychological literature ( Luo and Niki, 2003; Jung-Beeman et al., 2004; Sandkühler and Bhattacharya, 2008; Weisberg, 2013). Although Wallas’ work covers the creative process in rather broad terms, its relevance to the study of insight is remarkable, due to the close proximity and similarity in conceptualization, measures, and processes ( Shen et al., 2017, 2018). In an attempt to find a bridge between the strengths of both previous theories, Weisberg proposed an integrated theory of insight comprising several phases: the individual would first attempt to find a solution by using strategies based on long-term memory; if this fails, the subject would use rules of thumb or more complex heuristics to acquire information about the problem before re-confronting its long-term memory; then, a conscious solution via a restructuring of old and new information may thereby be achieved; and if the process reaches an impasse and new information is no longer acquired, an unconscious restructuration of knowledge would take place ( Weisberg, 2015). Interestingly, the four stages of Weisberg's (2015) proposal bear some parallels to those suggested by Wallas in the mid twentieth century ( Wallas, 1926). “Preparation” would comprise the first three phases of the integrated insight theory, while “incubation” and “illumination” could be interpreted as part of the fourth, where insight is achieved through an unconscious process (see above, section four, to find Wallas’ proposal). Fixation and Impasse a b Bowden, Edward M.; Jung-Beeman, Mark (1 September 2003). "Aha! Insight experience correlates with solution activation in the right hemisphere". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 10 (3): 730–737. doi: 10.3758/BF03196539. PMID 14620371.
While neurobiology and cognitive psychology embrace insightful solutions achieved by associations learned in the past, comparative cognition tends to exclude associative learning from its notion of insight, which is a misconception as insight can occur through distant or weak associations ( Shettleworth, 2012; Call, 2013). In comparative cognition, insight has occasionally been used as a default explanation upon failing to detect the typical gradual process of associative learning. Higher intelligence (higher IQ) is associated with better performance on insight problems. However, those of lower intelligence benefit more than those of higher intelligence from being provided with cues and hints for insight problems. [8] According to the dual-process theory, there are two systems that people use to solve problems. [22] The first involves logical and analytical thought processes based on reason, while the second involves intuitive and automatic processes based on experience. [22] Research has demonstrated that insight probably involves both processes; however, the second process is more influential. [22] Three-process theory [ edit ]
Ghaemi, S.Nassir (2002). Polypharmacy in Psychiatry. Hoboken: Informa Healthcare. ISBN 978-0-8247-0776-7.Perivoliotis, Dimitri; Grant, Paul M.; Peters, Emmanuelle R.; etal. (2010). "Cognitive insight predicts favorable outcome in cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosis". Psychosis. 2: 23–33. doi: 10.1080/17522430903147520. S2CID 143474848. An impasse is usually followed by an incubation/restructuring stage, which is suspected to constitute the insight’s core ( Wallas, 1926; Sandkühler and Bhattacharya, 2008; Sio and Ormerod, 2009; Cranford and Moss, 2012; Weisberg, 2013). Although restructuring can of course be done consciously ( Weisberg, 2015), it may also happen at a time during which a subject consciously withdraws from the problem at hand ( van Steenburgh et al., 2012; Kounios and Beeman, 2014; Shen et al., 2018). We know that insight-like responses improve when participants take a break after reaching an impasse (or when the task is simply removed from their sight; Kohn and Smith, 2009), regardless of the duration of the break, and particularly when the break is occupied with a different, cognitively demanding task; Segal, 2004). Even the “aha” moment itself might be accessible to study in non-verbal subjects, given the expected physiological emotional response that follows it. We know that many animals show an emotional response while learning how to solve tasks (independent from the presence of a reward; e.g., cows, Hagen and Broom, 2004; goats, Langbein et al., 2004; horses, Mengoli et al., 2014; dogs, McGowan et al., 2014; dolphins, Clark et al., 2013). Studying insight through the presentation of a solution would thus require both a behavioral analysis (as in traditional contrafreeloading tests or yoked experimental designs; e.g., Hagen and Broom, 2004; Rosenberger et al., 2020) as well as a physiological one. Artificially altering the transparency of the path toward the solution, and altering the time spent at an apparent impasse, may allow us to predict and modify the intensity of the respective physiological (as it would be an increased heart rate; Hill and Kemp, 2018) and behavioral responses (e.g., in dogs, we would predict pupil dilation, tail wagging, and increased general activity; McGowan et al., 2014; Webb et al., 2019; Salvi et al., 2020). Conclusion Bradley, Nigel (2007). Marketing Research: Tools and Techniques. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-928196-1.
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