The Big Bang Theory: The Complete Series [DVD] [2007]

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In February 2019 as the show's production wound down, their home on stage 25 was officially named "The Big Bang Theory Stage." a b c d Bridge, Mark (Director) (30 July 2014). First Second of the Big Bang. How The Universe Works. Silver Spring, Maryland. Science Channel. The Big Bang Theory started off quietly in Canada, but managed to garner major success later on in further seasons. The season 4 premiere garnered an estimated 3.1 million viewers across Canada. This week is the largest audience for a sitcom since the series finale of Friends. The Big Bang Theory has pulled ahead and has now become the most watched show in Canada. [51] Gallery Francis, Charles (2018). Light after Dark I: Structures of the Sky. Troubador Publishing Ltd. p.199. ISBN 9781785897122. Guth, Alan (15 January 1981). "Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems". Physical Review D. 23 (2): 347–356. Bibcode: 1981PhRvD..23..347G. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.23.347.

The Big Bang Theory: The Complete Series [DVD] [2007] [2020]

With the exception of the Pilot, the title of every episode starts with "The", and is then is followed by a descriptive word and a scientific term or principle. The writers have used 169 different scientific terms in the episode titles throughout the entire run of the series. The term "reaction" was used seven times, "excitation" was used six times and "hypothesis", "implementation", "insufficiency", "polarization", "reverberation" and "vortex" were used five times each. The Big Bang explains the evolution of the universe from a starting density and temperature that is well beyond humanity's capability to replicate, so extrapolations to the most extreme conditions and earliest times are necessarily more speculative. Lemaître called this initial state the " primeval atom" while Gamow called the material " ylem". How the initial state of the universe originated is still an open question, but the Big Bang model does constrain some of its characteristics. For example, specific laws of nature most likely came to existence in a random way, but as inflation models show, some combinations of these are far more probable. [140] A flat universe implies a balance between gravitational potential energy and other energy forms, requiring no additional energy to be created. [133] [134] Over a long period of time, the slightly denser regions of the uniformly distributed matter gravitationally attracted nearby matter and thus grew even denser, forming gas clouds, stars, galaxies, and the other astronomical structures observable today. [1] The details of this process depend on the amount and type of matter in the universe. The four possible types of matter are known as cold dark matter (CDM), warm dark matter, hot dark matter, and baryonic matter. The best measurements available, from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), show that the data is well-fit by a Lambda-CDM model in which dark matter is assumed to be cold. (Warm dark matter is ruled out by early reionization.) [37] This CDM is estimated to make up about 23% of the matter/energy of the universe, while baryonic matter makes up about 4.6%. [38] The four disc box set includes all 23 episodes. The Special Features include a Gag Reel, " Physicist to the Stars: Real-Life Physicist/UCLA professor David Saltzberg's consulting relationship to the Show", and " Testing the Infinite Hilarity Hypothesis of the Big Bang Theory: Season 2's Unique Characters and Characteristics". a b Penzias, Arno A.; Wilson, R. W. (July 1965). "A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080Mc/s". The Astrophysical Journal. 142: 419–421. Bibcode: 1965ApJ...142..419P. doi: 10.1086/148307. Archived from the original on 14 October 2019 . Retrieved 5 December 2019.

Having been asked to write songs for other films and shows only to have them rejected in favour of another artist's, Robertson agreed to write a theme only after learning that he was the sole writer that Lorre and Prady had asked. He drew inspiration from Simon Singh's book, Big Bang, which he had just finished reading. [16] [17] Strictly, dark energy in the form of a cosmological constant drives the universe towards a flat state; however, our universe remained close to flat for several billion years before the dark energy density became significant. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle predicts that during the inflationary phase there would be quantum thermal fluctuations, which would be magnified to a cosmic scale. These fluctuations served as the seeds for all the current structures in the universe. [102] :207 Inflation predicts that the primordial fluctuations are nearly scale invariant and Gaussian, which has been confirmed by measurements of the CMB. [82] :sec 6 The three-disc box set includes all 23 episodes. Special features include " Set Tour with Simon and Kunal", an inside look on the third season and a gag reel. Running Time: 374 minutes.

The Big Bang Theory (TV Series 2007–2019) - IMDb The Big Bang Theory (TV Series 2007–2019) - IMDb

XDF image shows fully mature galaxies in the foreground plane – nearly mature galaxies from 5 to 9 billion years ago – protogalaxies, blazing with young stars, beyond 9 billion years. a b Hubble, Edwin (15 March 1929). "A Relation Between Distance and Radial Velocity Among Extra-Galactic Nebulae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 15 (3): 168–173. Bibcode: 1929PNAS...15..168H. doi: 10.1073/pnas.15.3.168. PMC 522427. PMID 16577160. Archived from the original on 1 October 2006 . Retrieved 28 November 2019.Hoyle on the Radio: Creating the 'Big Bang' ". Fred Hoyle: An Online Exhibition. Cambridge: St John's College. Archived from the original on 26 May 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2019. Translated in: Sakharov, Andrei D. (10 January 1967). "Violation of CP Invariance, С Asymmetry, and Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe" (PDF). JETP Letters. 5 (1): 24–27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 November 2019 . Retrieved 13 December 2019.

Red-shift - BBC The expanding Universe - AQA Red-shift - BBC

There remain aspects of the observed universe that are not yet adequately explained by the Big Bang models. After its initial expansion, the universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation of subatomic particles, and later atoms. The unequal abundances of matter and antimatter that allowed this to occur is an unexplained effect known as baryon asymmetry. These primordial elements—mostly hydrogen, with some helium and lithium—later coalesced through gravity, forming early stars and galaxies. Astronomers observe the gravitational effects of an unknown dark matter surrounding galaxies. Most of the gravitational potential in the universe seems to be in this form, and the Big Bang models and various observations indicate that this excess gravitational potential is not created by baryonic matter, such as normal atoms. Measurements of the redshifts of supernovae indicate that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, an observation attributed to an unexplained phenomenon known as dark energy. [9] Features of the models Earman, John; Mosterín, Jesús (March 1999). "A Critical Look at Inflationary Cosmology". Philosophy of Science. 66 (1): 1–49. doi: 10.1086/392675. JSTOR 188736. S2CID 120393154.Proposals in the last two categories see the Big Bang as an event in either a much larger and older universe or in a multiverse. The prediction that the CMB temperature was higher in the past has been experimentally supported by observations of very low temperature absorption lines in gas clouds at high redshift. [115] This prediction also implies that the amplitude of the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect in clusters of galaxies does not depend directly on redshift. Observations have found this to be roughly true, but this effect depends on cluster properties that do change with cosmic time, making precise measurements difficult. [116] [117] Future observations He, Dongshan; Gao, Dongfeng; Cai, Qing-yu (3 April 2014). "Spontaneous creation of the universe from nothing". Physical Review D. 89 (8): 083510. arXiv: 1404.1207. Bibcode: 2014PhRvD..89h3510H. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.89.083510. S2CID 118371273. Dodelson, Scott (31 December 2011). "The Real Problem with MOND". International Journal of Modern Physics D. 20 (14): 2749–2753. arXiv: 1112.1320. Bibcode: 2011IJMPD..20.2749D. doi: 10.1142/S0218271811020561. S2CID 119194106. The simplest models, in which the Big Bang was caused by quantum fluctuations. That scenario had very little chance of happening, but, according to the totalitarian principle, even the most improbable event will eventually happen. It took place instantly, in our perspective, due to the absence of perceived time before the Big Bang. [144] [145] [146] [147]

Big Bang Theory: Behind-the-Scenes Set Photos and Videos The Big Bang Theory: Behind-the-Scenes Set Photos and Videos

In 1924, American astronomer Edwin Hubble's measurement of the great distance to the nearest spiral nebulae showed that these systems were indeed other galaxies. Starting that same year, Hubble painstakingly developed a series of distance indicators, the forerunner of the cosmic distance ladder, using the 100-inch (2.5m) Hooker telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory. This allowed him to estimate distances to galaxies whose redshifts had already been measured, mostly by Slipher. In 1929, Hubble discovered a correlation between distance and recessional velocity—now known as Hubble's law. [59] [60] The Big Bang models offer a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of observed phenomena, including the abundances of the light elements, the CMB, large-scale structure, and Hubble's law. [10] The models depend on two major assumptions: the universality of physical laws and the cosmological principle. The universality of physical laws is one of the underlying principles of the theory of relativity. The cosmological principle states that on large scales the universe is homogeneous and isotropic—appearing the same in all directions regardless of location. [11] Tanabashi, M. 2018, pp. 406–413, chpt. 27: "Dark Energy" (Revised September 2017) by David H. Weinberg and Martin White. Hawking, Stephen W. (1996). "The Beginning of Time". Stephen Hawking (Lecture). London: The Stephen Hawking Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 November 2019 . Retrieved 26 April 2017.

As with any theory, a number of mysteries and problems have arisen as a result of the development of the Big Bang models. Some of these mysteries and problems have been resolved while others are still outstanding. Proposed solutions to some of the problems in the Big Bang model have revealed new mysteries of their own. For example, the horizon problem, the magnetic monopole problem, and the flatness problem are most commonly resolved with inflation theory, but the details of the inflationary universe are still left unresolved and many, including some founders of the theory, say it has been disproven. [120] [121] [122] [123] What follows are a list of the mysterious aspects of the Big Bang concept still under intense investigation by cosmologists and astrophysicists.